natural alternatives to isosorbide mononitrate

FOIA Tell your pharmacist what products you are using, and ask how to use them safely (especially cough-and-cold products, diet aids, or NSAIDs such as ibuprofen/naproxen). All rights reserved. Some of these medicine interactions can be risky. Therefore, oral nitrates should not be used by patients who are sensitive to the effects of hypotension, such as those with pre-existing hypotension, shock, vascular collapse or significant cerebrovascular disease, significant anaemia or hypothyroidism. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Herbal supplements can interact with medicines used to treat heart and blood vessel problems, such as high blood pressure and heart failure. Even if the medication is working, you may experience some unwanted side effects. It will not treat an angina attack that has already begun. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch. 55 ratings on Drugs.com. My blood pressure, cholesterol and pulse are all normal and I have no chest pains, shortness of breath or other heart problem symptoms. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). View World Anti-Doping Agency classifications, Prevention of Thromboembolism in Atrial Fibrillation, Prosthetic Heart Valves - Thrombosis Prophylaxis, Prosthetic Heart Valves - Mechanical Valves - Thrombosis Prophylaxis, Revascularization Procedures - Prophylaxis. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Does isosorbide mononitrate (Monoket) affect your kidneys? It is unknown if this medication passes into breast milk. Your dose may need to be gradually decreased. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Longer-acting tablets and capsules are taken once daily in the morning. Avoid combinations; the risk of the interaction outweighs the benefit. MeSH There are 195 drugs known to interact with This is because the tablets/capsules are specially made to release the medicine they contain in a controlled way. Always let your doctor and pharmacist know about any other medications or supplements (including prescribed and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and dietary or herbal supplements) that you are currently taking. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 89 patients with stable angina pectoris were studied to compare two different dosage strategies of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (5-ISMN). Some medicines are not suitable for people with certain conditions, and sometimes a medicine may only be used if extra care is taken. See also: nitroglycerin side effects in more detail. Natural remedies for depression: Are they effective? Make sure laboratory personnel and all your doctors know you use this drug. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them: continuing ringing or buzzing or other unexplained noise in the ears, dull ache or feeling of pressure or heaviness in the legs, excess air or gas in the stomach or intestines, increased sensitivity of the eyes to sunlight, loss in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performance, pain or tenderness around the eyes and cheekbones, redness of the face, neck, arms, and occasionally, upper chest, redness, pain, swelling of the eye, eyelid, or inner lining of the eyelid, redness, swelling, or soreness of the tongue, small clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lung when listening with a stethoscope, stomach bloating, burning, cramping, or pain, terrifying dreams causing sleep disturbances, uncontrolled twisting movements of the neck, white patches in the mouth, tongue, or throat. Each day, take the first dose when you wake up, then take the second dose 7 hours later. A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor clinical effects of the . You will find a full list in the manufacturer's information leaflet supplied with your medicine. It might help to keep the room cool and use a fan. There are no data on passage of isosorbide mononitrate in human milk, but some excretion seems likely. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 89 patients with stable angina pectoris were studied to compare two different dosage strategies of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (5-ISMN). What conditions does Isosorbide Mononitrate treat? Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. It is not a substitute for a medical exam, nor does it replace the need for services provided by medical professionals. Additionally, TRUVEN HEALTH MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE OPINIONS OR OTHER SERVICE OR DATA YOU MAY ACCESS, DOWNLOAD OR USE AS A RESULT OF USE OF THE THOMSON REUTERS HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS. In the US - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Then, there was a two-week placebo washout, after which the alternative treatment was given. Please see a good cardiologist, get admitted, get checked thoroughly. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana (cannabis). It is important to keep all medication out of sight and reach of children as many containers (such as weekly pill minders and those for eye drops, creams, patches, and inhalers) are not child-resistant and young children can open them easily. You can develop a tolerance to isosorbide mononitrate (Monoket) over time, which means the dose you've been taking doesn't work as well. Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is commonly prescribed for this. An official website of the United States government. It took me a few weeks to adapt to it, but the effect on preventing chest pain was dramatic. The information eHealthMe analyzes includes: Phase IV trials are used to detect adverse drug outcomes and monitor drug effectiveness in the real world. Prescription and OTC If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch) or by phone (1-800-332-1088). The dose is according to the body weight and severity of the condition. Remember that this medication has been prescribed because your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Some products that may interact with this drug include: drugs to treat erectile dysfunction-ED or pulmonary hypertension (such as sildenafil, tadalafil), riociguat. Isosorbide Mononitrate - Medicine.com Only your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist can provide you with advice on what is safe and effective for you. When used regularly on a long-term basis, this helps prevent angina attacks from occurring. Isosorbide Mononitrate - Uses, Side Effects, Substitutes, Composition If you have an underactive thyroid gland. This is not a complete list of possible side effects. Is not subject to the Controlled Substances Act. Modified-release nitrate preparations: use a once-daily dose to maintain a nitrate-low period and thus minimize tolerance. Clin Res Cardiol. Talk to your provider if you notice your chest pain starts to get worse. We study millions of patients and 5,000 more each day. All rights reserved. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. Isosorbide mononitrate dilates (widens) blood vessels, making it easier for blood to flow through them and easier for the heart to pump.Isosorbide mononitrate is used to prevent angina attacks (chest pain). Headache and weakness of left side (both arm and leg) may suggest a brain pathology. Manufacturer's PIL, Imdur 60 mg tablets; TopRidge Pharma Ltd, The electronic Medicines Compendium. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Some of the common derivatives include isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate, which are . Almost 70% of older adults use them. Background: Anti-ischemic and anti-anginal effects of controlled-release and conventional isosorbide-5-mononitrate in stable angina pectoris. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 5 Feb 2023), Cerner Multum (updated 22 Feb 2023), ASHP (updated 12 Feb 2023) and others. A total of 195 drugs are known to interact with isosorbide mononitrate: A total of 330 drugs are known to interact with aspirin: A total of 239 drugs are known to interact with nitroglycerin: No known alcohol/food interactions. The effects of this exposure on a nursing infant are unknown. As precautionary measure, breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with isosorbide mononitrate. (2) One in 3 patients never experienced headache from the given dosages. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized by ASHP. I took this for 4 days, and my headaches were unbearable. There may be variations in CSA schedules between individual states. The narrowing makes it more difficult for blood to flow to your heart muscle. Some of these medicine interactions can be risky. Of the total drug interactions, Isosorbide mononitrate vs. Amlodipine besylate, Isosorbide mononitrate vs. Bisoprolol fumarate, Isosorbide mononitrate vs. Diltiazem hydrochloride, Isosorbide mononitrate vs. Isosorbide dinitrate, Isosorbide mononitrate vs. Metoprolol succinate, Isosorbide mononitrate vs. Metoprolol tartrate, Isosorbide mononitrate vs. Nitrolingual pumpspray, Isosorbide mononitrate and Aspirin (7,880 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Furosemide (6,020 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Amlodipine (3,554 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Simvastatin (3,508 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Omeprazole (3,422 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Lisinopril (3,099 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Metformin (2,822 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Carvedilol (2,589 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Clopidogrel (2,524 reports), Isosorbide mononitrate and Acetylsalicylic acid (2,355 reports). It works by relaxing and widening blood vessels so blood can flow more easily to the heart.This medication will not relieve chest pain once it occurs. Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this medication, especially dizziness and lightheadedness, which could increase the risk of falls. Herbal supplements are natural, so they must be safe, right? Does Isosorbide Mononitrate interact with other drugs you are taking? Yes, it's good for health but don't take it excesse in amount, use once daily for 1 month then stop it or take once a weekly. Epub 2006 Mar 22. Swallow the tablet/capsule whole - do not chew or crush it before you swallow. The .gov means its official. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Isosorbide controls chest pain but does not cure coronary artery disease. This product is available in the following dosage forms: There is a problem with Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Limited data from animal studies indicate no adverse effects on the pregnancy or the unborn child. For instance, many herbal supplements that are used often interact with the blood thinner warfarin (Jantoven). Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. In case of overdose, call the poison control helpline at 1-800-222-1222. Isosorbide mononitrate works in two ways. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program. In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. We don't support your browser. Nitrates | Prescribing information | Angina | CKS | NICE This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Do not stop taking isosorbide without talking to your doctor. May also be prescribed off label for Esophageal Spasm. Imdur, Monoket (isosorbide mononitrate) dosing, indications - Medscape Herbal supplements and heart medicines may not mix, Your blood pressure, if you also take a drug to treat high blood pressure, Beta blockers, such as atenolol (Tenormin), nadolol (Corgard) or propranolol (Inderal LA, Innopran XL), Calcium channel blockers, such as diltiazem, nifedipine (Procardia) and verapamil (Calan SR, Verelan), Nitrates, such as nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Dur, others) and isosorbide (Isordil, Bidil), Statins, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), lovastatin (Altoprev) and rosuvastatin (Crestor), Anti-rejection medicine, also called immunosuppressant medicine, such as cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune). It is in the nitrate class of drugs. This medicine is available only with your doctor's . B complex. Isosorbide mononitrate helps to prevent angina chest pain from developing. Our original studies have been referenced on 600+ medical publications including The Lancet, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, and Nature. Isosorbide may cause other side effects. Who should not take Isosorbide Mononitrate? Do not let anyone else take your medication. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about lifestyle changes that might benefit you. This form of skin cancer is mostly caused by PhD (Pharmacology) Pursuing, M.Pharma (Pharmacology), B.Pharma - Certificate in Nutrition and Child Care, MBBS, Master in Healthcare Administration, Diploma in Occupational Health, What are the uses of Isosorbide Mononitrate. Alcohol can make the side effects from isosorbide worse. This is called a medicine interaction. Don't drink alcohol while taking isosorbide mononitrate (Monoket). Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, continue your normal diet. Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. My cardiologist recommended I get on metropolol. It can cause your blood pressure to become dangerously low. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly. Isosorbide mononitrate systemic 60 mg (A ID). Botanical medicine A modern perspective. Patients were randomized to either 60 mg 5-ISMN once daily (od) for two weeks or to 30 mg 5-ISMN od for one week followed by 60 mg 5-ISMN od for one week. Isosorbide mononitrate is very similar to isosorbide dinitrate. Isosorbide mononitrate helps to prevent angina chest pain from developing. Does Alcohol Raise Your Blood Pressure? There are 7 disease interactions with isosorbide mononitrate which include: Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. View interaction reports for isosorbide mononitrate and the medicines listed below. Do not stop taking it without consulting your doctor. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:Less commonAcid or sour stomachanxietyback painbelchingblemishes on the skinbloatedbreast painburning feeling in the chest or stomachburning, dry, or itching eyeschange in color visionchanges in visioncold sweatscongestionconstipationcontinuing ringing or buzzing or other unexplained noise in the earscough producing mucusdecreased interest in sexual intercoursedifficulty seeing at nightdifficulty with movingdischarge, excessive tearingdouble visiondrooping upper eyelidsdull ache or feeling of pressure or heaviness in the legsearacheexcess air or gas in the stomach or intestinesfeeling of constant movement of self or surroundingsfeeling of warmthfeeling unusually coldfrequent urge to defecatefrozen shoulderfull feelinghearing lossheartburnhyperventilationinability to have or keep an erectionincreased appetiteincreased sensitivity of the eyes to sunlightincreased sputumindigestionirritabilityitching skin near damaged veinslack or loss of strengthloss in sexual ability, desire, drive, or performancemuscle or bone painmuscle stiffness or weaknessnightmaresnoisy breathingpain or tenderness around the eyes and cheekbonespassing gaspimplespoor concentrationrashredness of the face, neck, arms, and occasionally, upper chestredness, pain, swelling of the eye, eyelid, or inner lining of the eyelidredness, swelling, or soreness of the tonguerestlessnessseeing doublesensation of spinningsleepiness or unusual drowsinesssmall clicking, bubbling, or rattling sounds in the lung when listening with a stethoscopesmall lumps under the skinsore mouth or tonguestiff neckstomach bloating, burning, cramping, or painstomach discomfort or upsetstraining while passing stoolstuffy nosesudden sweatingswollen feet and anklestender, swollen glands in the necktenderness in the stomach areaterrifying dreams causing sleep disturbancestooth disordertrouble swallowinguncontrolled twisting movements of the neckvoice changesweight losswhite patches in the mouth, tongue, or throatOther side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. Drug information provided by: IBM Micromedex. If you have an eye condition called glaucoma. Liperoti R, et al. The most common side-effect is headache. Natural Medicines. Includes Isosorbide Mononitrate indications, dosage/administration, pharmacology, mechanism/onset/duration of action, half-life, dosage forms, interactions, warnings, adverse reactions, off-label uses and more. This should pass after a few days. Higher than recommend dosage of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate for treating angina pectoris: a case report and review of the literature. If your chest pain attacks happen more often, last longer, or become more severe at any time during your treatment, call your doctor. For haemoglobin formation vit. It works by relaxing the blood vessels and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload. Patient does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Watch for any symptoms that you may be having a drug interaction, such as: Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. It can make you really dizzy. Organic Nitrate - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Isosorbide mononitrate belongs to the group of medicines called nitrates. Your doctor may decide not to treat you with this medication or change some of the other medicines you take.AvanafilRiociguatSildenafilTadalafilVardenafil. Isosorbide mononitrate, sold under many brand names, is a medication used for heart-related chest pain ( angina ), heart failure and esophageal spasms. you should know that isosorbide may cause dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting when you get up too quickly from a lying position, or at any time, especially if you have been drinking alcoholic beverages. Manufacturer's PIL, Isosorbide mononitrate 10 mg tablets; Merus Labs Luxco S.a.R.L, The electronic Medicines Compendium. Sept. 26, 2022. Many herbal supplements can interact with prescription drugs. Laboratory and/or medical tests (such as blood pressure) should be performed periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Isosorbide mononitrate is also sometimes prescribed alongside other medicines for people with heart failure. Isosorbide may not work as well after you have taken it for some time or if you have taken many doses. Methods: Hawthorn. All rights reserved. Talk to your doctor about the possible risks of using this medication for your condition. This content does not have an Arabic version. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Overview of herbal medicines and dietary supplements. 1994 Jan;15(1):108-13. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060361. Alcohol, including beer, wine, and spirits, does raise your blood pressure if its consumed in excess. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. This side-effect usually disappears after a few days, Do not drive and do not use tools or machines while affected, If either of these becomes troublesome, speak with your doctor. Headaches can be a sign that the medicine is working, and they might lessen with continued use of the medication. Healthcare data is obtained from a number of sources including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). flushing - try to cut down on coffee, tea and alcohol because they can make flushing worse. I would rather take the chance of a heart attack than have no quality of life. Valerian: A safe and effective herbal sleep aid? Please upgrade your browser or download modern browsers from here! Talk to your provider if you continue to feel dizzy or have a fast heart rate a week after starting isosorbide mononitrate (Monoket). You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Side effects : headache, mild dizziness This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil): Basics, Side Effects & Reviews - GoodRx It is important that you follow the instructions your doctor gives to you about when to take your doses. List of Antianginal agents (antianginal drugs) - Drugs.com Generic alternatives may be available. Cleophas TJ, Niemeyer MG, Zwinderman AH, van der Wall EE. It works by relaxing the blood vessels and increasing the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while reducing its workload. Thirty percent of the patients never experienced headache from the given dosages. Truven Health does not assume any responsibility or risk for your use of the Truven Health products. Some conditions may become worse when the drug is suddenly stopped. Herbal supplements and heart medicines may not mix - Mayo Clinic https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. The extended-release tablet usually is taken once daily in the morning. Cardizem Alternatives Compared - Drugs.com Accessed Sept. 7, 2022. It is not suitable to take to treat an angina attack - you should always carry with you a short-acting nitrate, such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), for if you get angina pain. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Isosorbide (C6H10O4), also called D-Isosorbide dinitrate, is a bio-product sourced from starch. Isosorbide comes as a tablet, an extended-release (long-acting) tablet, and an extended-release capsule to take by mouth. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Mayo Clinic. View more, Nitroglycerin dilates veins, relieving chest pain and lowering blood pressure. Herbal supplements can strongly affect the body. Synthroid (levothyroxine) Tylenol (acetaminophen) Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) Isosorbide mononitrate disease interactions There are 7 disease interactions with isosorbide mononitrate which include: AMI anemia hemodialysis hypotension intracranial pressure hypertrophic cardiomyopathy glaucoma The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. It can cause your blood pressure to become dangerously low. 2017; doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.078. Unless there is a specific reason you need the brand, the generic medication will be a better value. Do infrared saunas have any health benefits? Nitrate-induced headache in patients with stable angina pectoris Before you start the treatment, read the manufacturer's printed information leaflet from inside the pack. Isosorbide mononitrate Alternatives Compared Isosorbide mononitrate Aspirin Nitroglycerin Prescription only Prescribed for Angina, Heart Failure, Angina Pectoris Prophylaxis. St. Joseph 81 mg Aspirin Enteric Safety-Coated. Seek alternatives to the CYP3A4 substrate when possible. No, that's not true all the time. 45, Migranal), ergoloid mesylates (Hydergine), ergotamine (in Cafergot, in Migergot), methylergonovine (Methergine), methysergide (Sansert; no longer available in the U.S.), and pergolide (Permax; no longer available in the U.S.); medications for high blood pressure, heart failure, or an irregular heartbeat. Heres what you need to know about alcohol and blood pressure including how alcohol can interact with your blood pressure medications. Would you like email updates of new search results? Conclusions: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. These relax smooth muscle within the blood vessels, widening them and making it easier for blood and oxygen to reach the heart Calcium antagonists (eg, diltiazem, nifedipine, nimodipine, verapamil). Accessed Sept. 7, 2022. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. This is called a medicine interaction. Never take more than the prescribed dose. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. If you are taking other medicines, including those available to buy without a prescription, as well as herbal or complementary medicines. Symptoms of overdose may include: slow heartbeat, vision changes, severe nausea/vomiting, sweating, cold/clammy skin, bluish fingers/toes/lips. For details see our conditions. The information on this page is written and peer reviewed by qualified clinicians. Your doctor may tell you to take a pain reliever to treat your headaches. See the FDA's Safe Disposal of Medicines website (http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p) for more information if you do not have access to a take-back program. Talk to your pharmacist for more details. Real test is coronary angiography. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. Classes: Nitrates, Angina Print Dosing & Uses AdultPediatricGeriatric Dosage Forms & Strengths tablet 10mg 20mg. It works by . Saw palmetto. Select a condition to view a list of medication options. Nitrate-Induced Headache in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris: Beneficial Effect of Starting on a Low Dosage. May also be prescribed off label for Esophageal Spasm. Your doctor may recommend treating headaches with an over-the-counter pain reliever (such as acetaminophen, aspirin). If you have any questions about this medicine ask your pharmacist. . The use of the Truven Health products is at your sole risk. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Both versions of isosorbide mononitrate (Monoket) contain the same active ingredient. AskMayoExpert. Licorice. This information is aggregated and used to produce personalized reports that patients can reference. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription. Nitrates (eg, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, nitroglycerin). B12 and folic acid is essential along with iron. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Herbal supplements can strongly affect the body. Saper RB. Isosorbide mononitrate dose 10 mg twice daily to 120 mg daily in divided doses. What are the side effects of Isosorbide Mononitrate ? If you suffer headaches when taking Isosorbide mononitrate, be patient. This is called tolerance, and it cannot be fixed by raising the dose of the medication. Some don't work well with prescription medicines. Can isosorbide mononitrate cause problems? This activity describes the indications, action, and contraindications for isosorbide as a valuable agent in treating angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease, heart failure with reduced . The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This does not necessarily mean no interactions exist. Get emergency help immediately if any of the following symptoms of overdose occur: bulging soft spot on the head of an infant, change in the ability to see colors, especially blue or yellow, feeling of constant movement of self or surroundings. Contraindications: Isosorbide mononitrate should not be used in cases of acute myocardial infarction with low filling pressure, acute circulatory failure (shock, vascular collapse), or hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), constrictive pericarditis, low cardiac filling pressures, aortic/mitral valve stenosis and diseases associated with a raised intra-cranial pressure e.g following a head trauma and including cerebral haemorrhage.

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