t1 t2 disc herniation symptoms

1. J Orthop Sci. The oculosympathetic pathway then joins the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve (V1) and travels into the orbit through the superior orbital fissure to provide innervation to the pupil dilator muscle and Mueller's muscles; small smooth muscles in the eyelid responsible for a minor portion of upper lid elevation and lower lid retraction. If the lower thoracic region is involved, a patient may encounter pain . The discussion about a disc herniation is much more comprehensive and complicated since there are so many ways and places that a disc can herniate. Epub 2017 Apr 6. Pain can radiate in the upper 2nd and 3rd ribs , just below the shoulder joint. You will not be suddenly and completely paralyzed by a herniated thoracic disc. Early experience treating thoracic disc herniations using a modified transfacet pedicle-sparing decompression and fusion. 48: 768-72, 27. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. Cervical radiculopathy is a disease process marked by nerve compression from herniated disk material or arthritic bone spurs. Left upper extremity motor was 5/5 in all myotomes except 4/5 finger abduction. Adjacent segment degeneration at T1-T2 presenting as chest pain: case 2003. This typically breaks down as such: Herniated discs are very common, but they usually occur in the lumbar spine as opposed to the thoracic region. Rossitti S, Stephensen H, Ekholm S, von Essen C. The anterior approach to high thoracic (T1-T2) disc herniation. This is the reason in few reports it is mentioned as D1-D2 region also. (e) Showing removal of the sequestrated disc fragment. 7. These all symptoms always confuse before the proper diagnosis of slip disc in D1-D2. Thoracic Disc Degeneration - Spine Care | UCLA Health 2001. Lumbar diskectomy is a common procedure for the management of lumbar radiculopathy, but recurrent lumbar disk herniation is one of the most common complications of the procedure, sometimes necessitating repeat surgery. Vertebral compression fractures are the most common injury to the thoracic spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1983;65:992-997. It is causing burning/tingling up my neck to my ear and jaw area. Intradural disc herniation at the T1-T2 level. | Semantic Scholar Dydyk, Alexander M, Ruben Ngnitewe Massa, and Fassil B Mesfin. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1954;29:375-378. She underwent T1-T2 anterior discectomy and fusion. 5. (a) T2-weighted sagittal image demonstrating a disc herniation at T1T2 level with considerable cord compression. According to Christopher Good, MD, FACS President of Virginia Spine Institute, often the most optimal treatment is to allow the body to heal naturally with time. 24-Apr-2019;10:56. A large herniated disc can compress the spinal cord within the spinal canala condition called myelopathyresulting in numbness, tingling, and or weakness in one or both lower extremities, and sometimes bowel and bladder dysfunction, and in extreme cases, paralysis. Because this nerve root is the part of the brachial plexus. JAAOS Global Research & Reviews2(11):e016, November 2018. Drawing showing the anatomy of the oculosympathetic pathway. Disc herniation can occur in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine. Spine J 2014;14:1654-1662. In this condition we work on the posture of the shoulders and neck all together. Pedicle Marrow Signal Hyperintensity on Short Tau Inversion Recovery Background: Symptomatic T1-T2 disc herniations are rare and, in most cases, are located posterolaterally. An accurate diagnosis and timely surgical intervention may provide the patient the best chance for regression of symptoms and a satisfactory outcome. Numbness or tingling. (f) After placement of peek cage, note brachiocephalic vein at lower border of the scene. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The one interesting aspect about a bulge is that it is an MRI finding that can correlate with an annular tear that causes deep midline low back pain. The most common symptom of a thoracic herniated disc is pain. The symptoms often follow a dermatomal distribution, . Bookshelf 6: s-0036, 29. Gelch MM: Herniated thoracic disc at T1-2 level associated with Horner's syndrome: Case report. Maintaining a healthy weight will put less pressure on the discs and minimizes wear and tear to the spine. 15. Nowadays, endoscopic techniques have become increasingly popular and full-endoscopic surgery can be performed in the thoracic spine . The C8 nerve root innervates the extensor indicus and abductor pollicis brevis from the radial and median nerves, respectively, in addition to finger flexion (ulnar nerve). Disc herniation; T1T2 disc space; spontaneous resolution; sternal splitting approach; thoracic disc; upper thoracic disc herniation. -, Bransford R, Zhang F, Bellabarba C, Konodi M, Chapman JR. An official website of the United States government. Arts MP, Bartels RH: Anterior or posterior approach of thoracic disc herniation? Back, Lower Limb, and Upper Limb Pain among U.S. In the form the patient has given her consent for her images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. 37: 541-2, 12. Weakness. (e) Axial CT scan shows a pedicle screw in an upper thoracic vertebra. Two females aged 67 and 48 years presented with acute cord infarction and paraparesis, respectively; the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score for thoracic myelopathy (maximum 11) was 6 and the second patient was 7 [ Table 1 ]. All surgically treated patients recovered fully. Historically, symptomatic thoracic disk herniation occurred with a frequency of 2 to 3/1,000 cases of disk herniation.2 This is likely even less frequent with the advent of MRI use in diagnosis. The fibers ascend and synapse at the superior cervical ganglia at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (C3-C4). J Glob Spine J. Keywords: Disc herniation, spontaneous resolution, sternal splitting approach, T1T2 disc space, thoracic disc, upper thoracic disc herniation. Thoracic back pain may be exacerbated when coughing or sneezing. 13: 240-5, 16. Typical Symptoms of a Herniated Disc | Spine-health The patient underwent successful T2-3 anterior discectomy with T2-3 rib autograft fusion. T2-3 Thoracic disc herniation with myelopathy - PubMed Maloney WF, Younge BR, Moyer NJ: Evaluation of the causes and accuracy of pharmacologic localization in Horner's syndrome. A modified anterior approach to the cervicothoracic junction with clavicle resection16 or combined cervicothoracic approach for diskectomy has proven useful as well.14,17. A working differential diagnosis can guide management. Dont Miss: Hsv-2 Low Positive No Symptoms, A 65-year-old female patient underwent a transthoracicendoscopic approach to remove a calcified thoracic disc herniation that caused spinal cord compression. Herniated discs happen when the soft, jellylike inner layer of a shock-absorbing intervertebral disc bulges into or breaks through the discs tough outer layer. In simple terms, a disc bulge refers to an apparent generalized extension of disc tissues beyond the edges of the edge of vertebrae, usually less than 3mm. The third patient undergoing a transfacet pedicle-sparing left-sided approach had a postoperative three-dimensional computed tomography scans showing adequate root decompression and screw placement screws [Figures 3e and d ]. On postoperative day 1, the patient reported improvement in his left-sided radiating back pains, partial return of sensation along the left medial forearm, and hand with some mild persistent paresthesias. Generally speaking, most neurosurgeons will advise against surgery if you are not experiencing pain or symptoms. The symptoms began as dull back pain, which the patient initially attributed to a muscle strain, but progressively worsened throughout a 24-hour period. These disc problems in thoracic region remains silent in most of the case. Krasnianski M, Georgiadis D, Grehl H, Lindner A: Correlation of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with brainstem infarction. 1954. Herniated Thoracic Disc | University of Maryland Medical Center J Neurosurg 1998;88:148-150. Data is temporarily unavailable. Disclaimer. : T1 radiculopathy caused by intervertebral disc herniation: Symptomatic and neurological features. All surgically treated patients recovered fully. Tokuhashi Y, Matsuzaki H, Uematsu Y, Oda H. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). Herniated discs in the thoracic region account for less than 1% overall. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help New left-sided partial ptosis and pupillary miosis were found on facial examination (Figure 1, A). Neurology. (a) T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the second case showing a hard disc at T1T2 level. The patient was then discharged from the emergency center with oral methylprednisolone and follow-up with an orthopaedic spine surgeon. Yale J Biol Med. There will be pain in the front side of Arm Pit. J Orthop Sci 2009;14:103-106. 17: 418-30, 4. 1998 Jan;88(1):148-50. doi: 10.3171/jns.1998.88.1.0148. She also works as an Adult and Pediatric Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner. It can result from advanced disc degeneration or from vertebral body remodeling . (c) Manubrium line and cervicothoracic (CT) angle on T2-weight magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): manubrium line intersects T2 vertebral body near to T2T3 disc, CT angle is about 38. Symptoms can also include numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness in one or both lower extremities. Luk KD, Cheung KM, Leong JC. Correspondence to Dr. Luczak: [emailprotected]. 2000. Keachie K, Shahlaie K, Muizelaar JP. Early experience treating thoracic disc herniations using a modified transfacet pedicle-sparing decompression and fusion. After literature review, 39 cases of T1-2 disk herniation were discovered.1 Only seven of these cases presented with an associated Horner syndrome (Table 1). Bulge is a term for an image and can be a normal variant . At his follow-up appointment, there was no improvement of his symptoms; therefore, the decision was made to intervene surgically given his persistent pain, weakness, and Horner syndrome. High thoracic disc herniation. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 2010. See All About Neck Pain Radicular pain. So the treatment is dependent on the following parameters-. Differentiating motor function from the C8-T1 nerve roots and ulnar nerve pathology can be assessed with motor testing. The latter two cases had posterolateral discs contributing to a Brown-Sequard syndrome and radiculopathy, respectively; one patient required a transfacet pedicle-sparing procedure, while the second case was managed conservatively. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Thoracic disc herniation:Operative approaches and results. [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 - 17 , 21 , 24 - 26 , 29 , 31 - 33 , 35 - 37 ] There were 24 males and 12 females averaging 49.1 years of age (range 2372 years of age) [ Table 2 ]. A report of five cases. Delineating the location of nerve compression begins with assessing sites of peripheral compression with physical examination. 33. The oculosympathetic pathway then joins the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve (V1) and travels into the orbit through the superior orbital fissure to provide innervation to the iris dilator muscle and Mueller's muscle; a small smooth muscle in the eyelid responsible for a minor portion of upper lid elevation and lower lid retraction. You may have pain in your lower back, numbness or pain in your leg, or loss of bladder control. The clinical signs and symptoms of T-1 radiculopathy are similar to those of C-8 radiculopathy; however, distinguishing features can frequently be found on neurological examination. Given the neurologic findings on examination, a cervical and thoracic MRI was obtained which revealed T1-T2 left paracentral disk extrusion with mild superior migration and left intraforaminal extension causing moderate left lateral recess stenosis and abutment of the left T1 nerve root (Figure 2). 10. For example, you may feel pain in your neck, arms, hands, fingers, or parts of the shoulder. There are many different condition with T1-T2 disc and these are as follows-. 29: 375-8, 36. Anterior surgery can be achieved without sternotomy. Sometimes, there may be difficulty in breathing if the first rib or rib muscles are injured. If any of the thoracic nerves become inflamed, such as from a thoracic herniated disc or a narrowing of the foramen, thoracic radiculopathy can develop with symptoms of pain, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness radiating along the nerve root. (d) Three-dimensional cervical computed tomography (CT) scan shows T1T2 and T3 screw rod fixation on the left side. Love JG, Kiefer EJ: Root pain and paraplegia due to protrusions of thoracic intervertebral disks. (b) Axial view showing the central location of the disc. Acute traumatic sequestrated thoracic disc herniation: A case report and review. There might be some other reasons like- some addiction or something like this, that causes the desiccation of the T1-T2 disc. A spine specialist determines if surgery is the best option. 2). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The incidence of a herniated disc may disrupt activities of daily living and sleep. Asian Spine Journal, 2012 (evidence level 3A) T2 radiculopathy: A differential screen for upper extremity radicular pain. routine T1 and T2 sequences were used to study the status of the endplate (1.5-T Optima GEM MRI, GE Healthcare, Buck- . Non-surgical treatment options for symptoms of a thoracic herniated disc will typically include one or a combination of the following: A short period of rest (e.g. The physician explained that you have a Bulging Disc, but you may still have questions that have been unanswered. Stillerman CB, Chen TC, Couldwell WT, Zhang W, Weiss MH. Osteoarthritis appeared to be the predominant cause of the disc herniation in both patients. (e) Intraoperative clearance of the disc space from both hard disc and osteophytes. Herniated Thoracic Disc. Barrow Neurological Institute, August 3, 2022. Svien HJ, Karavitis AL: Multiple protrusions of intervertebral disks in the upper thoracic region: Report of case. The number one prevention is not smoking. eCollection 2021. 11. On examination, she had lower extremity hyperreflexia, an abnormal gait, and lower lumbar pain but lacked any radicular findings. 1998. Increased reflexes in one or both legs that can cause spasticity in the legs. When we discuss about D1-D2 disc problem or T1-T2 disc problem, symptoms are more like- cervical disc herniation. T1-T2 disc herniation should be suspected in patients presenting cervico-brachial medial neuralgia. Son ES, Lee SH, Park SY, Kim KT, Kang CH, Cho SW. Surgical treatment of t1-2 disc herniation with t1 radiculopathy:A case report with review of the literature. Patients with cervical radiculopathy symptoms and physical examination findings consistent with Horner syndrome should be evaluated with a MRI that includes the upper thoracic spine. (a) T2-weighted sagittal image demonstrating, (a) T2-weighted sagittal image demonstrating a disc herniation at T1T2 level with considerable, (a) T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance, (a) T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the second case showing a, (a) T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows T1T2 disc herniation. Follow-up magnetic resonance studies documented full resolution for the patient with radiculopathy and a posterolateral disc. According to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, about 75 - 85% of people in the U.S. suffer from back pain at some point in their lifetime. This clinical condition can commonly be a consequence of cervical sympathetic chain injury, which runs along the lateral aspect of the vertebral body. Multiple protrusions of intervertebral disks in the upper thoracic region:Report of case. In a systematic review and meta-analysis by Brooks et al, disk height index, Modic changes, and sagittal range of motion were found to be significantly correlated with an increased rate of recurrent lumbar disk herniation. A cervical herniated disc may cause a number of symptoms in different parts of the body. After talking about your symptoms and . Abbott KH, Retter RH. Gille O, Razafimahandry HJ, Sderlund C, Gangnet N, Vital JM. (a) T2-weighted sagittal image demonstrating a disc herniation at T1T2 level with considerable cord compression. All but five intrinsic hand muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve; abductor pollicus brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and lateral lumbricals. Symptoms Thoracic disc degeneration can be a cause of upper or mid back pain. Gokcen HB, Erdogan S, Gumussuyu G, Ozturk S, Ozturk C. A rare case of T1-2 thoracic disc herniation mimicking cervical radiculopathy. J Neurosurg 1978;48:128-130. Disc Herniation - Statpearls - NCBI Bookshelf. National Library of Medicine, January 18, 2022. 2016 May;25 Suppl 1:204-8. doi: 10.1007/s00586-016-4402-y. Thoracic disc herniations make up 0.25%0.75% of all disc ruptures. 30: 152-4, 6. Informed consent to present the data concerning the case for publication was obtained by the patient. Modified anterior approach to the cervicothoracic junction. (g) Plain CT radiograph showing that the cage is located at bicalvicular line. An orthopedic or neurologic physical therapist can customize a treatment plan of safe herniated disc exercises to help decrease pain, improve strength and posture, and increase mobility. 1955. Bransford RJ, Zhang F, Bellabarba C, Lee MJ. Eur Spine J. Posterior approaches may utilize transfacet pedicle-sparing techniques, while the less frequent central/anterolateral discs may warrant anterior surgery. If the disc herniates into the spinal cord area, the thoracic herniated disk may also present with myelopathy . At 9 months postoperatively, the patient continued to be pain free with full strength and intact sensation. Int J Spine Surg. Despite having a long learning curve, the surgical technique described herein can be even used in patients with complex and calcified thoracic disc herniations. Pain is often described as sharp or burning. JAMA 1965;191:627-631. Most people respond well to non-operative or conservative treatment. Most studies report improvement in pain and neurologic dysfunction, but Horner syndrome can be refractory to surgical decompression.12,18 Similarly, our patient at 6 weeks postoperative had resolution of his pain, motor, and sensory deficits but persistent Horner syndrome at nine months postoperatively. Intradural disc herniations comprise 0.26-0.30% of all herniated discs. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Postfixed brachial plexus radiculopathy due to thoracic disc herniation in a collegiate wrestler: a case report. Careful radiographic analysis is needed preoperatively to identify the upper limit of the sternum. The latter two cases had posterolateral discs contributing to a Brown-Sequard syndrome and radiculopathy, respectively; one patient required a transfacet pedicle-sparing procedure, while the second case was managed conservatively. CT can be used to complement MRI in cases of thoracic disk herniations. Where. Thoracic spinal cord injuries are rare and only account for 10 15 percent of all spinal cord injuries. The same decay can be age related too. (g) Post-operative CT AP X-ray: shows the cage in T1T2 disc space. J Neurosurg 1950;7:62-69. Apply an ice pack or cold compress to the affected area for 15- to 20-minute intervals every two hours. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:394-402. Disclaimer. This pain might shoot into your arm or leg when you cough, sneeze or move into certain positions. T1T2 myelopathy and/or radiculopathy, magnetic resonance (MR) localization (anterior/anterolateral/lateral posterior), and optimal surgical management. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Symptoms of a herniated thoracic disc may include: A vertebral, rib, and/or disc injury at the C7-T1 level may cause moderate to severe neck pain and/or upper back pain. -. Therefore, if the C6-C7 level has a herniation, then it is the C7 nerve that will be affected. Thoracic region is the first segment of the thoracic or dorsal spine. Careful radiographic analysis is needed preoperatively to identify the upper limit of the sternum. (e) Intraoperative clearance of the disc space from both hard disc and osteophytes. Disc herniation at T1-2 in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 88 - jns The video can be found here1). So there is no difference in T1-T2 and D1-D2 discs. Again, the specific symptoms of a cervical herniated disc will depend on the affected pinched nerves. Pain is usually the first symptom. Morgan H, Abood C. Disc herniation at T1-2. 1956;6:110. Most T1T2 discs were posterolateral in location (25 cases); only 11 were purely central or centrolateral. Biousse V, Touboul PJ, D'Anglejan-Chatillon J, Levy C, Schaison M, Bousser MG: Ophthalmologic manifestations of internal carotid artery dissection. 30: E305-10, 24. (i) Postoperative T2-weighted MRI demonstrates the cage in T1T2 interspace. 6: 199-202. Natalie Evenson MSN, BSN, RN is a health content writer. This sympathetic pathway begins in the hypothalamus and synapses in the intermediolateral gray substance of the spinal cord at C8-T2 levels making it susceptible to disruption via a high thoracic intervertebral disk herniation. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM M51.24 became effective on October 1, 2022. Sebastian . AJR Am J Roentgenol. We present a patient with thoracic disk herniation and Horner syndrome who was treated surgically. Thoracic disc herniations are rare conditions compared with other disc herniations seen at cervical and lumbar spine levels. These degenerative changes are more likely to happen in your neck and lower back than your upper and middle back . Anterior approach to the cervicothoracic junction by unilateral or bilateral manubriotomy. Before Therefore, once muscles and ligaments are relaxed around the T1-T2, we start working on the kyphotic curve of the spine. Also Check: Symptoms Of Heartworm In Dogs. T1-T2 slip disc or disc protrusion is a common word for all these conditions. Micheli LJ, Hood RW: Anterior exposure of the cervicothoracic spine using a combined cervical and thoracic approach. A standard posterior approach with laminoforaminotomy and diskectomy was done. Abbott KH, Retter RH. To keep your spine neutral and avoid putting pressure on any herniated discs, place a small pillow under your head and knees. Radiating pain may be perceived to be in the chest or belly, and this leads to a quite different diagnosis that will need to include an assessment of heart, lung, kidney and gastrointestinal disorders as well as other non-spine musculoskeletal causes. The thoracic spine is surrounded by the rib cage and it is much harder to damage the spinal cord in this area. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical features of thoracolumbar junction disc herniation and to prepare a chart for the level diagnosis in the neurologic findings and symptoms. 4: 366-7, 25. The T1-T2 interspace is not fully visualized on a cervical MRI; therefore, a thoracic MRI scan can be helpful. Alberico AM, Sahni KS, Hall JA, Young HF. Six weeks after surgery, the patient had complete resolution of his left-hand weakness and paresthesias, zero back pain, and some significant improvement in the ptosis and miosis (Figure 1, B). The rib cage adds extra protection, support, and stabilization to the spine, making it less susceptible to damage in general and disc trouble in particular. Patients with upper extremity radicular pain/paresthesias are often sent for radiographs and MRI. This is the least common location for radiculopathy. Although posterior approach surgery is most commonly used for laminectomy and/or foraminotomy, successful anterior approaches to upper thoracic lesions are valid as well. The symptoms of T1-T2 slip disc are- Pain just below the spine of the scapula. The surgically treated patients all markedly recovered over an average of 3.87 years follow-up (range: 6 months7 years). Vaidya Dr. Pardeep Sharma is Chief Ayurvedic Physician at Sukhayu Ayurved Jaipur. (d) Axial T2-weighted axial view also confirms disappearance of the disc. When there is a compression on the disc, it starts decaying. Report of four cases and literature review. Glaser J. Neuro-Ophthalmology, ed 1. 2009. BecauseAyurvedic treatment of T1-T2 slip disc problem is not about suppression of signs and symptoms alone. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Symptoms of thoracolumbar junction disc herniation - PubMed Disc herniation at T1-2. Methods: The visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and MacNab scale were used to analyze the results collected during the . Kanno H, Aizawa T, Tanaka Y, et al. Your spine is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into five different segments, which are listed below in order from your head to your legs: Thoracic herniated discs occur in the thoracic spine, which is made up of the 12 vertebrae that extend from the base of your neck to the bottom of your rib cage. J Athl Train. A spine surgeon or spinal neurosurgeon can assess your herniated thoracic disc and help you decide if it would be best to have surgery or to try conservative treatment. Central disk herniations or those that compromise up to 50% across the disk space are often approached through an anterior approach as effective decompression cannot be completed from a posterior only approach. The main symptoms of lumbar disc herniation would radiate based on the location of the disc herniation . In this article, we reviewed these 32 prior cases of T1T2 disc herniations and added our four cases. All the discs in the spine, have an inner soft part with harder shell outside. T1-T2 Disc Problem - Ayurvedic Treatment for Slip Disc Sciatica Neurology. Can J Neurol Sci. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. A 29-year-old surgical resident presented to the emergency department complaining of acute onset left periscapular back pain, along with progressive left medial forearm and fourth and fifth digit numbness with grip weakness of the left hand. Ruptured thoracic discs. Cervical radiographs are not usually clinically useful because of the difficulty in visualizing through the shoulders. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. None of the following authors or any immediate family member has received anything of value from or has stock or stock options held in a commercial company or institution related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article: Dr. Possley, Dr. Luczak, Dr. Angus, and Dr. Montgomery. Anterior approaches are useful, but more involved. MeSH All rights reserved. People who have a herniated disk often have radiating numbness or tingling in the body part served by the affected nerves. 1 Cervical pathologies causing these radiculopathies include herniated nucleus pulposus and cervical spondylosis. Your doctor may use the following to diagnose a thoracic herniated disc: Sometimes other tests may be ordered because herniated thoracic disc pain and symptoms can mimic heart, lung, and stomach conditions. As people age, their thoracic intervertebral discs may lose their cushioning ability and become more likely to rupture. . If the disc is severely degenerated, bone spurs can form and limit the mobility of the thoracic spine. 2001 Nov 15;26(22):E512-8. Background: T1-T2 intervertebral disc prolapse (IVDP) is a rare clinical condition.Horner's syndrome is an extremely rare clinical finding in these patients. Withawin Kesornsak, Kanthika Wasinpongwanich & Verapan Kuansongtham, Teresa Plancha da Silva, Marta Amaral Silva, Ftima Carvalho, Guillermo Alejandro Ricciardi, Ignacio Gabriel Garfinkel, Daniel Oscar Ricciardi, Kalyan Kumar Varma Kalidindi, Mayank Gupta & Harvinder Singh Chhabra, Lance L. Goetz, Sean McAvoy & Kate Zakrzewski, Kevin Hines, Karim Hafazalla, Jack Jallo. 1978. 1986. 1998. Accessibility

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