How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. Encyclopedia.com. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories The rebels are all our own subjects. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. 22 Feb. 2023 . Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). [CDATA[ [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [2][3]. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. "Tianlijiao ", in. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. //]]>. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. . The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. . These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty.
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